Table 1 Ecosystem services of greatest relevance to cities, classified according to the scheme of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment [75, 115]. Adapted from McDonald [30]

Provisioning services:

 Agriculture (crops, livestock, aquaculture, etc.)

 Water (quantity)

Cultural services:

 Aesthetic Benefits

 Recreation & Tourism

 Physical Health

 Mental Health

 Spiritual value and sense of place

 Biodiversity

Regulating services:

 Drinking water protection (water quality)

 Stormwater mitigation

 Mitigating flood risk

 Coastal protection

 Air purification (particulates, ozone)

 Shade and heat wave mitigation